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Oracle

This is a demo install of Oracle Database Server 21c on Oracle Linux 8.

Environment

VirtualBox or any other virtual machine manager.

Operating system

Oracle Linux 8 is preferred since version 9 is not supported by Oracle database server RPMs at this time (Feb 2024).

Oracle Linux ISO Downloads

Oracle Linux 8.5

OracleLinux-R8-U5-x86_64-dvd.iso

Oracle Linux 8.9

OracleLinux-R8-U9-x86_64-dvd.iso

Oracle Linux 9.3

OracleLinux-R9-U3-x86_64-dvd.iso

Install

Virtualbox

2 CPU, 2GB RAM, 40GB HDD FIXED SIZE, 64MB VMSVGA

Take note of MAC address and configure DHCP server with a fixed address.

Install Oracle Linux 8.X

During install do not use scaled mode because it can cause problems with the GUI. CTRL+C will exit scaled mode if enabled (CTRL+ALT will return you to the desktop).

Setup as follows:

  • Select language: English (United Kingdom)
  • Time & Date: Etc → Coordinated Universal Time
  • Software Selection: Server → Headless management, system tools
  • Installation Destination: X, automatic partitioning
  • Network and Host: ON → hostname.kewl.org
  • Root Password

Begin installation… Reboot System

KVM

virt-install 

--location OracleLinux-R8-U9-x86_64-dvd.iso,kernel=isolinux/vmlinuz,initrd=isolinux/initrd.img

Login

$ ssh root@hostname.kewl.org

Update

$ yum update
Y
$ reboot

Virtualbox Additions

Virtualbox needs the VBox Linux Additions so we can mount a share on the VM. This is to access downloaded files on the host machine with a shared folder.

Install kernel and tools
$ yum install kernel-uek kernel-uek-devel make perl
Y
$ reboot
Install module
$ uname -a
Linux hostname.kewl.org 5.4.17-2136.307.3.1.el8uek.x86_64 #2 SMP Mon May 9 17:29:47 PDT 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
$ mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
$ /mnt/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run

Oracle DB Server 21c

Install guide

The install guide is mostly for the ZIP version but we shall install the RPM for OL8.

Preinstall

The O/S needs to be setup for Oracle, a preinstall RPM does this automatically for us.

Preinstall RPM 

$ yum install ./oracle-database-preinstall-21c-1.0-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
Y
$ reboot
Install

Now we can install the Database Server and afterward configure it with the example database.

Install RPM 

$ yum install ./oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.ol8.x86_64.rpm
Y
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                                                         1/1
  Running scriptlet: oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                     1/1
  Installing       : oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                     1/1
  Running scriptlet: oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                     1/1
[INFO] Executing post installation scripts...
[INFO] Oracle home installed successfully and ready to be configured.
To configure a sample Oracle Database you can execute the following service configuration script as root: /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-21c configure

  Verifying        : oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                     1/1

Installed:
  oracle-database-ee-21c-1.0-1.x86_64

Complete!

Oracle DB Server 23c

Install guide 

dnf install -y oraclelinux-developer-release-el8
dnf install -y oracle-database-preinstall-23c
$ wget "https://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/otn_software/db-free/oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.el8.x86_64.rpm"
$ dnf -y localinstall ./oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.el8.x86_64.rpm
Last metadata expiration check: 0:18:03 ago on Thu 01 Feb 2024 21:48:54 UTC.
Dependencies resolved.
===============================================================================================================
 Package                               Architecture        Version             Repository                 Size
===============================================================================================================
Installing:
 oracle-database-free-23c              x86_64              1.0-1               @commandline              1.6 G

Transaction Summary
===============================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total size: 1.6 G
Installed size: 4.0 G
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                                                       1/1
  Running scriptlet: oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                 1/1
  Installing       : oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                 1/1
  Running scriptlet: oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                 1/1
[INFO] Executing post installation scripts...
[INFO] Oracle home installed successfully and ready to be configured.
To configure Oracle Database Free, optionally modify the parameters in '/etc/sysconfig/oracle-free-23c.conf' and then run '/etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c configure' as root.

  Verifying        : oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                 1/1

Installed:
  oracle-database-free-23c-1.0-1.x86_64

Complete!

Oracle DB Demo Database

Setup the example database if required for evaluation.

The example can be deleted later if not needed.

21c
$ /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-21c configure
Configuring Oracle Database ORCLCDB.
Prepare for db operation
8% complete
Copying database files
31% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
32% complete
36% complete
40% complete
43% complete
46% complete
Completing Database Creation
51% complete
54% complete
Creating Pluggable Databases
58% complete
77% complete
Executing Post Configuration Actions
100% complete
Database creation complete. For details check the logfiles at:
 /opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB.
Database Information:
Global Database Name:ORCLCDB
System Identifier(SID):ORCLCDB
Look at the log file "/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB/ORCLCDB.log" for further details.

Database configuration completed successfully. The passwords were auto generated, you must change them by connecting to the database using 'sqlplus / as sysdba' as the oracle user.
23c
# /etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c configure
Specify a password to be used for database accounts. Oracle recommends that the password entered should be at least 8 characters in length, contain at least 1 uppercase character, 1 lower case character and 1 digit [0-9]. Note that the same password will be used for SYS, SYSTEM and PDBADMIN accounts:
[root@vm3 ~]# /etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c configure
Specify a password to be used for database accounts. Oracle recommends that the password entered should be at least 8 characters in length, contain at least 1 uppercase character, 1 lower case character and 1 digit [0-9]. Note that the same password will be used for SYS, SYSTEM and PDBADMIN accounts:
Confirm the password:
Configuring Oracle Listener.
Listener configuration succeeded.
Configuring Oracle Database FREE.
[WARNING] [DBT-11205] Specified shared pool size does not meet the recommended minimum size requirement. This might cause database creation to fail.
   ACTION: Specify at least (529 MB) for shared pool size.
Enter SYS user password:
*******
Enter SYSTEM user password:
********
Enter PDBADMIN User Password:
********
Prepare for db operation
7% complete
Copying database files
29% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
30% complete
33% complete
36% complete
39% complete
43% complete
Completing Database Creation
47% complete
49% complete
50% complete
Creating Pluggable Databases
54% complete
71% complete
Executing Post Configuration Actions
93% complete
Running Custom Scripts
100% complete
Database creation complete. For details check the logfiles at:
 /opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/FREE.
Database Information:
Global Database Name:FREE
System Identifier(SID):FREE
Look at the log file "/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/FREE/FREE.log" for further details.

Connect to Oracle Database using one of the connect strings:
     Pluggable database: vm3.kewl.org/FREEPDB1
     Multitenant container database: vm3.kewl.org

Oracle DB Systemd

23c

Start 

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable oracle-free-23c
systemctl start oracle-free-23c

Status 

/etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c status

Oracle DB Client

Profile

Create bash profile for oracle user in /home/oracle

Ownership is oracle:oinstall

21c 

# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
        . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp

export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=hostname.kewl.org

export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/oracle
export ORA_INVENTORY=$ORACLE_BASE/oraInventory
export DATA_DIR=$ORACLE_BASE/oradata
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/21c/dbhome_1

export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib

export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=ORCLCDB

export PDB_NAME=ORCLPDB1
export DISPLAY=excellent:0.0

23c

For 23c the only valid SID for the free edition is FREE. 

# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
        . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

export TMP=/tmp
export TMPDIR=/tmp

export ORACLE_HOSTNAME=vm3.kewl.org

export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/oracle
export ORA_INVENTORY=$ORACLE_BASE/oraInventory
export DATA_DIR=$ORACLE_BASE/oradata
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/23c/dbhomeFree

export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/bin

export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export CLASSPATH=$ORACLE_HOME/jlib:$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/jlib

export ORACLE_SID=FREE
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=FREE

export PDB_NAME=FREEPDB1
export DISPLAY=excellent:0.0
Password

Set oracle user password and logout. 

$ passwd oracle
$ exit
Login
$ ssh oracle@hostname.kewl.org
Connect

Connect to database using password `oracle' 

$ sqlplus sys as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sat May 14 03:33:26 2022
Version 21.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2021, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Enter password:

Connected to:
Oracle Database 21c Enterprise Edition Release 21.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 21.3.0.0.0

SQL>

Oracle DB Setup

23c

First remove the database example using script or dbca tool (if installed). 

/etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c
Usage: /etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c {start|stop|restart|configure|delete|status}
/etc/init.d/oracle-free-23c delete

With dbca create a database named FREE.

In this example a database with 16 PDBs with the PREFIX DB is created using the “Advanced configuration”.

oracle_pdbs.jpg

oracle_create.jpg

oracle_done.jpg

Oracle DB Archive log

To enable backups with RMAN turn on archivelog mode.

Enable
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1603679416 bytes
Fixed Size                  5313720 bytes
Variable Size             973078528 bytes
Database Buffers          620756992 bytes
Redo Buffers                4530176 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database archivelog;

Database altered.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.
Status
SQL> select name,log_mode from v$database;

NAME      LOG_MODE
--------- ------------
FREE      ARCHIVELOG

SQL> archive log list
Database log mode              Archive Mode
Automatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch
Oldest online log sequence     69
Next log sequence to archive   68
Current log sequence           67
List
RMAN> list archivelog all;
list archivelog all;
List of Archived Log Copies for database with db_unique_name FREE
=====================================================================

Key     Thrd Seq     S Low Time
------- ---- ------- - ---------
1       1    61      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_61_1160003622.dbf

2       1    62      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_62_1160003622.dbf

3       1    63      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_63_1160003622.dbf

4       1    64      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_64_1160003622.dbf

5       1    65      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_65_1160003622.dbf

6       1    66      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_66_1160003622.dbf

7       1    67      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_67_1160003622.dbf

8       1    68      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_68_1160003622.dbf



RMAN>
Disable
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 1603679416 bytes
Fixed Size                  5313720 bytes
Variable Size             973078528 bytes
Database Buffers          620756992 bytes
Redo Buffers                4530176 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database noarchivelog;

Database altered.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> archive log list;
Database log mode              No Archive Mode
Automatic archival             Disabled
Archive destination            /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch
Oldest online log sequence     69
Current log sequence           68
Delete
RMAN> delete archivelog all;
delete archivelog all;
released channel: ORA_DISK_1
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=50 device type=DISK
List of Archived Log Copies for database with db_unique_name FREE
=====================================================================

Key     Thrd Seq     S Low Time
------- ---- ------- - ---------
1       1    61      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_61_1160003622.dbf

2       1    62      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_62_1160003622.dbf

3       1    63      A 23-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_63_1160003622.dbf

4       1    64      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_64_1160003622.dbf

5       1    65      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_65_1160003622.dbf

6       1    66      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_66_1160003622.dbf

7       1    67      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_67_1160003622.dbf

8       1    68      A 25-FEB-24
        Name: /opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_68_1160003622.dbf


Do you really want to delete the above objects (enter YES or NO)? yes
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_61_1160003622.dbf RECID=1 STAMP=1161701923
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_62_1160003622.dbf RECID=2 STAMP=1161727348
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_63_1160003622.dbf RECID=3 STAMP=1161841884
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_64_1160003622.dbf RECID=4 STAMP=1161846158
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_65_1160003622.dbf RECID=5 STAMP=1161871223
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_66_1160003622.dbf RECID=6 STAMP=1161885796
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_67_1160003622.dbf RECID=7 STAMP=1161900306
deleted archived log
archived log file name=/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs/arch1_68_1160003622.dbf RECID=8 STAMP=1161929059
Deleted 8 objects



RMAN>

Oracle PDB

Access

Access a specific PDB 

$ sqlplus sys as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 23.0.0.0.0 - Production on Fri Feb 9 15:53:18 2024
Version 23.3.0.23.09

Copyright (c) 1982, 2023, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Enter password:

Connected to:
Oracle Database 23c Free Release 23.0.0.0.0 - Develop, Learn, and Run for Free
Version 23.3.0.23.09

SQL> show con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL> ALTER SESSION SET CONTAINER = DB1;

Session altered.

SQL> show con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
DB1
Autostart

Change state of PDB to OPEN and keep that state on restart. 

SQL> alter pluggable database DB1 open;

Pluggable database altered.

SQL> alter pluggable database DB1 save state;

Pluggable database altered.

SQL>
Tablespace

Create a tablespace inside the PDB 

SQL> create tablespace data datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/FREE/DB1/data.dbf' size 1M autoextend on next 1M;

Tablespace created.
User

Create a user which can connect to the server and operate on the PDB tablespace. 

CREATE USER db1user IDENTIFIED BY db1passwd CONTAINER=CURRENT;
GRANT CREATE SESSION TO db1user CONTAINER=CURRENT;
GRANT CREATE TABLE TO db1user CONTAINER=CURRENT;
ALTER USER db1user QUOTA UNLIMITED ON USERS CONTAINER=CURRENT;
Drop

Drop a PDB if not required and reclaim disk space. 

SQL> DROP PLUGGABLE DATABASE DB16 INCLUDING DATAFILES;

Pluggable database dropped.

Miscellaneous

Path

Not specifying a file path will create a tablespace file and archive logs in this directory for 23c. 

/opt/oracle/product/23c/dbhomeFree/dbs
Tablespace

Drop

To remove a tablespace file various options are required when dropping it. 

drop tablespace TABLE_SPACE INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;

PHP

PHP8.X and tools
apt install build-essential php php-cli php-pear php-dev libaio1
OCI8
Fetch
cd /opt
wget "https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/2113000/instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.13.0.0.0dbru.zip"
wget "https://download.oracle.com/otn_software/linux/instantclient/2113000/instantclient-sdk-linux.x64-21.13.0.0.0dbru.zip"
Unzip
unzip instantclient-basic-linux.x64-21.13.0.0.0dbru.zip
unzip instantclient-sdk-linux.x64-21.13.0.0.0dbru.zip
Build

For path enter “instantclient,/opt/instantclient_21_13” 

pecl install oci8
...
You should add "extension=oci8.so" to php.ini
TEST
#! /usr/bin/php -q
<?php
/*
 * PHP test for Oracle 23c
 */

$table = "test";

/*
 * Connect to PDB
 */
$con = oci_connect('db1user', 'db1passwd', 'vm3.kewl.org/DB1');
if ($con === false)
    die("Connect error\n");

/*
 * Create TABLE
 */
$statement = oci_parse($con, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {$table} (id INTEGER)");
if ($statement === false)
    die("Parse error (CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS)\n");

$rc = oci_execute($statement);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Exec error (CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS)\n");

/*
 * Delete
 */
$statement = oci_parse($con, "DELETE FROM {$table}");
if ($statement === false)
    die("Parse error (DELETE FROM)\n");

$rc = oci_execute($statement);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Exec error (DELETE FROM)\n");

/*
 * Insert
 */
$statement = oci_parse($con, "INSERT INTO {$table} (id) VALUES (:id)");
if ($statement === false)
    die("Parse error (INSERT INTO)\n");

$id = rand(1, 100);

$rc = oci_bind_by_name($statement, ":id", $id);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Bind error (INSERT INTO)\n");

$rc = oci_execute($statement);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Exec error (INSERT INTO)\n");

/*
 * Select
 */
$statement = oci_parse($con, "SELECT id FROM {$table}");
if ($statement === false)
    die("Parse error (SELECT FROM)\n");

$rc = oci_execute($statement);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Exec error (SELECT FROM)\n");

$arr = array();

$nrows = oci_fetch_all($statement, $arr);

print_r($arr);

/*
 * Close
 */
$rc = oci_close($con);
if ($rc === false)
    die("Close error\n");

/*
 * vim: shiftwidth=4 tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab
 */
?>
Config

Add extension=oci8.so to “/etc/php/8.2/cli/php.ini” and “/etc/php/8.2/apache2/php.ini”

Add instant client to library path 

echo "/opt/instantclient_21_13" >> /etc/ld.so.conf
ldconfig

Resources

Starting Oracle 23c

Oracle Instant Client

PHP OCI8 Installation Guide

PHP OCI8 Reference Guide

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