N100 Mini PCs are very cheap and very capable devices.

Here is the procedure used to dual boot debian 12 on a Mini P and prepare it to run VMs under KVM.

TRIGKEY N100 CPU 16GB RAM 512GB SSD WIFI 6 BT 5.2 WIN 11 PRO

After discount this device should cost £169.

External SSD is an ADATA 240 GB for VMs. Any external USB3 drive will do.

Factory default BIOS mode is UEFI and “Secure boot state” is OFF.

Disk 0

Run Windows 11 “Disk Management”, select the C partition of “Disk 0” and choose “Shrink Volume”.

Enter the amount of space to shrink in MB, Eg, 128000.

A new empty partition will be created, this is where Linux will be installed.

Disk 1

Disk 1 is an external USB3 SSD and is not initialised in Windows.

This will be dedicated to KVM in Linux. In this instance the external SSD is 240 GB.

NB usb_storage.quirks will probably be required for external USB3 drives in Linux.

The recommended way to install Debian is using a USB flash drive.

Writing the drive image in Windows can be done using RUFUS.

This software was unreliable with one USB flash drive and failed with an ISO extraction error. It worked fine with an SDCARD in a USB adapter.

The latest stable Debian image at this time is Debian 12.4 AMD64.

Power on and press DELETE to enter the BIOS.

To boot from a specific device navigate to the override section and then choose the Mass storage device to install Debian.

When installing Debian use the free space created when shrinking the C drive with the single partition option and let Debian work it all out.

Choose basic software such as SSH and possibly LXQT when using a 4K display since the default console is barely readable at that resolution.

Change the NVMe boot priority from Windows boot manager to the Debian boot manager and save the setting to restart.

dmesg

su root
export PATH=/bin:/sbin

apt install hdparm apt-file net-tools cpu-checker lshw wireless-tools rfkill

apt-file update

Eg. Ensure ADATA device uses USB Mass storage and not UAS.

cp /etc/default/grub /etc/default/grub.bak
sed -i 's/DEFAULT="quiet"/DEFAULT="quiet usb-storage.quirks=125f:a88a:u"/g' /etc/default/grub
update-grub

Install tcsh if preferred

apt install tcsh

Install GB and US locales

dpkg-reconfigure locales

Set timezone to Etc/UTC

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Set editor to VIM in preference to pico/nano

apt install vim
update-alternatives --config editor

Disable any window manager at boot.

systemctl isolate multi-user.target
systemctl set-default multi-user.target

Disable services not required for the KVM appliance (or servers).

As root

systemctl disable connman
systemctl disable preload.service
systemctl disable dundee.service
systemctl disable ofono.service
systemctl disable plymouth.service
systemctl disable wpa_supplicant.service
systemctl disable rtkit-daemon
systemctl disable bluetooth.service
systemctl disable cups.service
systemctl disable cups-browsed.service
systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service
systemctl disable ModemManager.service

systemctl mask connman
systemctl mask wpa_supplicant.service
systemctl mask rtkit-daemon

update-rc.d pulseaudio-enable-autospawn disable
update-rc.d sddm disable
update-rc.d saned disable

As user

systemctl --user stop pulseaudio.socket
systemctl --user stop pulseaudio.service
systemctl --user stop 'gvfs*'

systemctl --user disable pulseaudio.socket
systemctl --user disable pulseaudio.service
systemctl --user disable 'gvfs*'

systemctl --user mask pulseaudio.socket
systemctl --user mask pulseaudio.service
systemctl --user mask 'gvfs*'

/sbin/reboot

Follow the B-TREE filesystem guide to setup /dev/sda and mount on /opt

This file system will be used for VMs.